Definition
A footer (footing) is the enlarged base distributing structural loads to soil below. Sizing is based on soil bearing capacity and structural loads. Footers must extend below the frost line and rest on stable soil. Building codes mandate minimum dimensions.
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Footings are sized through geotechnical analysis based on soil bearing capacity (from soil tests), building weight, and structural design. Footings must extend below the frost line and be placed on stable, undisturbed soil. Typical residential footings are 12-48 inches wide and 8-12 inches thick. Improper footing design or construction leads to settlement, cracking, and structural failure. Building codes mandate minimum width and depth.
Pro Tip
Improper footing size is a common and expensive defect. Verify footings match soil test recommendations before construction covers them.
Example
A 2-story home with soil bearing capacity of 2,500 psf requires 24-inch-wide footings extending 48 inches below grade to distribute loads safely.